Showing posts with label social theory. Show all posts
Showing posts with label social theory. Show all posts

Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science Review

Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science
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Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science ReviewThis book, by Paul Gross and Norman Levitt, both scientists (the former a biologist, the latter a mathematician), airs the grievances of science against the new post-modernist movement in the academia.
A movement that started as a deconstructionist method of literary criticism, postmodernism is now a way of thinking that is proposed by some proponents as an explanatory method for everything, including science. Briefly, post-modernism proposes that science is nothing more than a cultural construct, and has no more objective validity than any other form of knowledge. While natural sciences have remained untouched by this movement, it is taking over the social sciences, spurred over by the latter's failures at establishing its scientific basis as firmly as the former has done.
The subtitle of this book is "the academic left and its quarrels with science", and suitably, the first two chapters discuss politics. While politics should, ideally, be informed by science, it is a sad fact that science is also often informed by politics. The Academic Left demands that, rather than using science to inform the political process, the reverse should happen : feminist postmodernism demands "a complete overthrown of traditional gender categories", racial justice entails a society which prioritizes "black values" (in this case, Afrocentrism - the idea that Africa and black people are inherently superior), and environmental postmodernism "envisons a trancendence of the values of Western industrial society and the restoration of an imagined prelapsarian harmony to humanity's relations with nature".
The most used method to effect these views of the world is postmodernism, that is, the view that our ideological system (including science) is under the purview of cultural constructivism, that is, a product of the culture it exists in. It was first a product of literary criticism and history, places where no doubt it had much use, but is now widespread. Variants of this view posit that science is really a bourgeois construct, or the product of gender bias, or of a one-sided Western perspective, or of an impulse to objectify nature and alienate man from direct experience of nature.
Chapter 5 to 7 are worth the price of admission alone. Here, the authors examine the desperate attempts by "feminist" postmodernists (chapter 5), "environmentalist" postmodernists (chapter 6) and other movements - "anti-AIDS", animal rights, Afrocentrism (chapter 7). Note that I put their position in quotes : as I have mentioned earlier, what the postmodernist holders of these ideologies seek is not a reasoned position but brute social revolution thru obliteration of knowledge.
The most remarquable conclusion of these examinations is that, while the postmodernists in these disciplines claim that science is a social construct, they have very little actual evidence (the mere attempt to provide evidence is surprising, in the view that any ideology is a construct : we would expect total presuppositionalism here, but like any such people, they are forced to at least try).
For example, the best feminist attack against science we have are that : the little problems in math books (you know, the if-John-gives-half-his-money-to-Jill type of problems for children) are too white-male-oriented, and that the language used to describe sperm-ovula interactions are too aggressive. We have the idea that technological societies hate life more than others, and that to eat animals is born out of a desire to control.
The authors elegantly dispatch such nonsense and give us a bird's eye view of the biggest publications on the subject. The field is highly entertaining, and they do not hesitate to say what they think, even though science can be un-PC in many circumstances (such as when fighting Afrocentric myths). They state at the beginning that they intend to take no quarters, and they don't.
Science, despite its faults, is the crowning achievement of Western Enlightment. Books like "Higher Superstition" make us reflect on the intellectual threats to our future, and forces each of us to take a position. Despite some small ideological flaws, I give this book a hearty four out of five.Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science Overview

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Global Mind Change: The New Age Revolution in the Way We Think Review

Global Mind Change: The New Age Revolution in the Way We Think
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Global Mind Change: The New Age Revolution in the Way We Think ReviewThe slow opening uses Copernicus to introduce paradigm shifts for advancing society and science. It also points out we make unconscious choices (hypnotism, specifically fire walking's pain experience) and that our unconscious reality has as big effect on our lives as normal reality. Our society 'hypnotizes' us with a constant bombardment of social norms, forming our unconscious, parochial world. "The Western neglect of the realm of subjective experience has had serious consequence with regard to our values (p29)."
According to the author, Western society's fundamental mistakes are that empiricism is the only acceptable evidence (vs. subjective and spiritual), and that objective and subjective are separate. Essentially, no consciousness, only chemistry. (The author has never heard of Zadeh, who pioneered fuzzy logic in 1959.) His point is the way a society experiences the world determines which type of science is valued and developed by that society.
The first chapters are spent wrestling against and defining the false dichotomies of subjective and objective, mind and consciousness, reality and possibility. Metaphysics are discussed, specifically M3, the question 'Can mind give rise to matter?'
In exploring this, more hypnotism cases are examined (hypnotism used an analgesic in major surgeries in the 1850's), along with the placebo effect, morphogenic fields, psychic phenomena, multiple personality disorder, and scientific heresy (1790 meteorites contrasted with today's UFOs). Harman concludes "objectivity is a function of the prevailing (partially unconscious) assumptions about the nature of reality (p65)." He recommends the Buddhist idea of 'non-attachment' in place of objectivity, because objectivity contains emotional investments and/or unconscious biases.
Harman moves on to asking, 'Are there questions beyond science, but not beyond ultimate human understanding?' Biofeedback, creativity, prayer, perennial wisdom, and ineluctable truth are all analyzed from a contemporary vs. M3 worldview stance. Science is broken down into four complementary levels of abstraction: reductionist, life, psychological, and spiritual, with the caveat that explanations often require a set level of abstraction. Then, "If science... were to adopt a different approach... to assume the validity of any type of human experience or extraordinary ability consistency reported throughout the ages, across cultures, and adapt to incorporate these (p90)..."
That question is dangled, and conclusions include "It is impossible to create a [sustainable] working society upon a knowledge base which is fundamentally inadequate, seriously incomplete, and mistaken in basic assumptions (p101)." Also, that a mature science and a mature religion are complementary without conflict; as long as they are in opposition, society has an incomplete knowledge basis. Around this area is when I began believing this book had something to teach me.
The passage that shot the book up to five stars for me happened on page 110, as follows: "As planetary limits to further material growth are approached, and as economic rationality pushes further automation and efficiencies in production, the number of jobs will fall... Does society ask itself what other meaningful and productive activities can be engaged in, now that economic production does not require the efforts of all? No, it engages in frenzied activities to increase consumption."
You can't really call our current global society a success, and this book is excellent because it opens the way for a higher level of thinking, a better world. This review is long enough now, I'll simply recommend this book highly to those who have a mind open enough to grasp it.
Five stars, made me think.Global Mind Change: The New Age Revolution in the Way We Think Overview

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